【英文法 第5章】It is said that / be said to|伝達・認識動詞の受動態

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導入

It is said that … や He is said to … は、大学受験で非常によく出る受動態です。

People say that he is rich. を受動態にすると、It is said that he is rich. または He is said to be rich. になります。

この記事では、say / believe / think / report / know などの受動態と、that 節・to 不定詞への書き換えを整理します。

この記事では、文法事項そのものを順番に整理します。流れは次の通りです。

  1. 単元の中心イメージ — 受動態をどう見るか
  2. 基本用法(伝達・認識動詞の受動態の概要) — まず押さえる形と意味
  3. 応用例と判別のコツ — 入試で迷いやすい使い分け
  4. 大学受験で問われる重要ポイント — 整序・空所補充・読解で見る場所
  5. よくある間違い — 日本語訳に引っ張られやすい形

単元の中心イメージ

伝達・認識動詞の受動態では、that 節全体を受ける It is said that … と、that 節内の主語を前に出す S is said to … の2形が重要です。

to 不定詞の形は、that 節の時制との関係によって to do / to have p.p. に分かれます。

能動態 It 形式 S is said to 形式
People say that he is honest. It is said that he is honest. He is said to be honest.
People believe that she knows the truth. It is believed that she knows the truth. She is believed to know the truth.
People say that he was rich. It is said that he was rich. He is said to have been rich.
People reported that they had left. It was reported that they had left. They were reported to have left.

基本用法(伝達・認識動詞の受動態の概要)

It is said that …

that 節の内容全体を「〜と言われている」と表すとき、It is said that … を使います。

この It は形式主語のように働き、that 以下が実質的な内容です。

People say that he is honest.
It is said that he is honest.
People believe that the story is true.
It is believed that the story is true.

S is said to …

that 節の中の主語を文全体の主語にして、S is said to … と表すこともできます。

People say that he is honest. なら、he を主語にして He is said to be honest. となります。

People say that he is honest.
He is said to be honest.
People believe that she knows the truth.
She is believed to know the truth.

応用例と判別のコツ

that 節の時制が同時なら to do

主節の say / believe と that 節の内容が同じ時点なら、to 不定詞は単純形を使います。

People say that he is rich. は He is said to be rich. です。is と is said が同時の関係です。

People say that he is rich.
He is said to be rich.
People think that she lives abroad.
She is thought to live abroad.

that 節の内容が前なら to have p.p.

that 節の内容が、言われている時点より前なら、to have p.p. を使います。

People say that he was rich. は He is said to have been rich. です。「昔裕福だったと言われている」という意味になります。

People say that he was rich.
He is said to have been rich.
People believe that she left Japan.
She is believed to have left Japan.

過去の報道・伝聞

主節が過去なら was / were said, was / were reported になります。

They reported that the president had resigned. は It was reported that the president had resigned. または The president was reported to have resigned. です。

They reported that the president had resigned.
The president was reported to have resigned.
People believed that the temple was old.
The temple was believed to be old.

大学受験で問われる重要ポイント

  • It is said that … は伝聞の受動態
  • S is said to … に書き換えられる
  • 同時関係なら to do
  • 前の出来事なら to have p.p.
  • say / believe / think / report / know でよく使う
  • 主節が過去なら was / were said になる

よくある間違い

間違い 1

誤りHe is said that he is honest.
正しくはIt is said that he is honest. / He is said to be honest.
理由that 節型と to 不定詞型を混ぜないようにします。

間違い 2

誤りHe is said to was rich.
正しくはHe is said to have been rich.
理由以前の状態なら to have p.p. です。

間違い 3

誤りIt is said him to be honest.
正しくはHe is said to be honest.
理由to 不定詞型では him ではなく He が主語になります。

理解を固める確認問題

最後に、この単元で迷いやすい判断ポイントを確認します。答えを開く前に、主語・動詞・時制・文型を自分で一度確認してみてください。

Q1. People say that he is honest. の It 型は?
It is said that he is honest. です。
Q2. People say that he is honest. の S 型は?
He is said to be honest. です。
Q3. 昔そうだったと言われている、は to do? to have p.p.?
to have p.p. を使います。
迷ったら:主語が動作を受ける側かを確認し、be + p.p.、時制、by 句、文型、前置詞の順に見ます。

まとめ

It is said that … と S is said to … は、伝聞・認識を表す受動態の重要形です。

to 不定詞に直すときは、that 節の内容が主節と同時か、それより前かを必ず確認しましょう。


この章の進行

次は、受動態の中でも 受動態の重要表現 を整理します。


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この記事を書いた人

予備校講師・大学受験英語指導。TOEIC990点・英検1級。偏差値50〜60帯の受験生が英文法・英文解釈・英作文の力を体系的に身につけられるよう、問題解説を中心に発信しています。

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